Mining Industry Hazardous Waste Disposal
Comprehensive Hazardous Waste Management for Mining Operations
Mining operations generate diverse hazardous waste streams from extraction, processing, and support activities. From equipment maintenance waste and explosives residues to mineral processing chemicals and acid mine drainage treatment, Hazardous Waste Disposal provides specialized waste management services for coal mines, metal mines, industrial mineral operations, and mining support facilities nationwide.
Call (800) 582-4833 for mining industry waste disposal services or email info@hazardouswastedisposal.com
Understanding Mining Industry Hazardous Waste
The mining industry extracts essential raw materials including coal, metals (copper, gold, silver, iron, zinc, lead, uranium), and industrial minerals (limestone, phosphate, potash, salt, trona, sand and gravel). Mining operations generate substantial hazardous waste from mobile equipment maintenance, ore processing, environmental controls, and support facilities.
Why Mining Waste Requires Specialized Management
Mining industry waste differs from other industrial waste due to:
Remote Locations: Many mines operate in rural or isolated areas far from disposal facilities, requiring specialized logistics and transportation planning. The 270-day accumulation extension for Small Quantity Generators is commonly utilized by mining operations due to distances to disposal facilities.
Scale of Operations: Large mining operations are among America's biggest industrial facilities, generating substantial waste quantities. Major copper mines, coal mines, and phosphate operations may be Large Quantity Generators requiring comprehensive RCRA compliance programs.
Mobile Equipment Fleet: Mining uses massive mobile equipment (haul trucks, draglines, shovels, loaders, drills) requiring extensive maintenance generating hydraulic fluids, oils, greases, antifreeze, and petroleum products in large quantities.
Explosives Use: Mining depends on controlled blasting using ANFO (ammonium nitrate/fuel oil), emulsion explosives, and blasting agents creating explosive residues, contaminated materials, and specialized waste requiring expert handling.
Mineral Processing Chemicals: Ore beneficiation and mineral processing use flotation reagents, leaching chemicals, pH modifiers, flocculants, and process chemicals generating chemical waste streams.
Environmental Controls: Modern mining implements extensive environmental protection including acid mine drainage treatment, groundwater remediation, dust suppression, and reclamation creating treatment residues and chemical waste.
Legacy Issues: Historical mining left environmental legacies including abandoned mines, contaminated sites, and ongoing remediation generating cleanup waste and treatment residues requiring long-term management.
Regulatory Complexity: Mining faces EPA RCRA hazardous waste regulations, MSHA (Mine Safety and Health Administration) safety requirements, state mining regulations, water quality standards, air quality requirements, and reclamation obligations creating complex compliance environment.
Mining Industry Waste We Handle
Mobile Equipment Maintenance Waste
Mining's massive mobile equipment fleet generates the largest volume of hazardous waste at most mining operations.
Mining Equipment Types:
Ultra-class haul trucks (400-ton capacity):
Caterpillar 797F: 400-ton capacity, 4,000 horsepower, 1,000+ gallon fuel tank
Komatsu 980E-4: Electric drive haul truck
Liebherr T 282C: World's largest haul truck (400+ tons)
Hydraulic excavators and shovels:
Caterpillar 6090 FS: Ultra-high-density mining shovel
Komatsu PC8000: 800-ton excavator
Liebherr R 9800: Large mining excavator
Draglines (coal mining):
Bucyrus-Erie/Caterpillar draglines: Massive stripping equipment
Marion draglines (historical)
Wheel loaders and dozers:
Caterpillar D11: Largest production dozer
Komatsu WA1200: Largest wheel loader
Drill rigs:
Pit Viper rotary blasthole drills: Caterpillar/Bucyrus
Atlas Copco/Epiroc SmartROC: Down-the-hole drills
Continuous miners and longwall equipment (underground coal):
Joy Global/Komatsu continuous miners
Longwall shearers and supports
Equipment Maintenance Waste Streams:
Hydraulic fluids:
Excavators hold 500-2,000 gallons hydraulic fluid
Haul trucks 200-500 gallons
Dozers and loaders 100-300 gallons
Hydraulic fluid changes, leak cleanup, hose failures
Contaminated hydraulic fluids requiring disposal
Engine oils and lubricants:
Haul truck engines hold 150-300 gallons oil
Oil change intervals generate substantial used oil
Transmission fluids (100+ gallons per haul truck)
Final drive oils
Gear oils for differentials and transmissions
Antifreeze and coolants:
Cooling systems holding 200-500 gallons per large haul truck
Ethylene glycol antifreeze (toxic)
Extended life coolants
Contaminated coolant requiring disposal
Diesel fuel waste:
Fuel system maintenance and cleaning
Contaminated fuel (water, dirt, microbial growth)
Fuel filter housings and sumps
Tank bottom sludge from fuel storage tanks
Spill cleanup materials
Greases and lubricants:
Bearing greases
Chassis lubrication waste
Cable lubricants
Specialty greases for extreme conditions
Brake fluids:
Hydraulic brake systems on haul trucks
Pneumatic brake system waste
Batteries:
Large lead-acid batteries (multiple batteries per haul truck, 1,500+ pounds total)
Battery acid and lead contamination
Universal waste regulations apply
Contaminated shop materials:
Oil-soaked rags and absorbents
Parts washer fluids and contaminated parts
Cleaning solvents and degreasers
Spill cleanup materials
Used oil filters (can be crushed and recycled or disposed as hazardous waste)
Contaminated personal protective equipment
Major Mining Equipment Manufacturers:
Caterpillar: Leading mining equipment supplier globally
Komatsu: Major equipment manufacturer
Liebherr: European manufacturer with U.S. presence
Hitachi Construction: Mining excavators and haul trucks
Joy Global/Komatsu Mining: Underground equipment specialist
Sandvik: Underground mining and rock drilling equipment
Atlas Copco/Epiroc: Drilling equipment and rock tools
Terex/Unit Rig: Haul trucks (historical)
Explosives and Blasting Waste
Mining depends on controlled blasting for ore and overburden removal, creating explosive-related waste.
Explosives Types Used in Mining:
ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate/Fuel Oil):
Most common mining explosive
Ammonium nitrate prills mixed with diesel fuel (94% AN / 6% fuel oil)
Manufactured on-site at large operations using mobile mixing trucks
Loaded directly into blastholes
Emulsion explosives:
Water-in-oil emulsion sensitized with microballoons or chemical gassing
Pumped into blastholes from mobile mixing trucks
More water-resistant than ANFO
Higher energy than ANFO
Packaged explosives:
Dynamite (declining use)
Water gels and slurries
Boosters and primers
Cartridged products for smaller operations
Blasting accessories:
Electric detonators
Non-electric shock tube systems (Nonel)
Electronic detonators (precise timing)
Detonating cord (Primacord)
Blasting caps
Explosive Waste Streams:
Misfires and duds:
Explosives that failed to detonate during blast
Require careful handling and disposal
Must be managed by certified blasters
Disposal at approved explosive disposal facilities
Explosive residues:
Ammonium nitrate contamination from spills
Emulsion residues from loading equipment
Explosive packaging materials
Contaminated materials from blasting operations
Contaminated water:
Water from blastholes containing explosive residues
Cleaning waste from mixing and loading equipment
Stormwater contaminated with explosive materials
Obsolete or deteriorated explosives:
Expired dynamite (nitroglycerin sweating)
Degraded explosives no longer safe to use
Recalled explosive products
Blasting agent storage and mixing waste:
Ammonium nitrate spills and contamination
Fuel oil contamination
Mixing equipment cleaning waste
Regulatory Requirements:
ATF (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives) regulates explosive storage, use, and disposal
Explosive materials licenses required
DOT regulations for explosive transportation (Class 1 materials)
Disposal only at ATF-approved facilities
Open burning/open detonation (OB/OD) at approved sites
Closed chamber detonation systems
Major Explosives Suppliers to Mining:
Dyno Nobel: Leading mining explosives manufacturer
Orica: Global explosives and blasting services
AEL Mining Services: Explosives manufacturer
MAXAM: International explosives company
Austin Powder: North American explosives manufacturer
Nelson Brothers: Explosives distribution and services
Mineral Processing and Beneficiation Chemicals
Ore processing uses chemicals for separation, concentration, and preparation creating chemical waste.
Flotation Reagents (for sulfide and oxide ore processing):
Collectors:
Xanthates (sodium ethyl xanthate, potassium amyl xanthate): Sulfide mineral flotation
Dithiophosphates: Alternative sulfide collectors
Fatty acids: Non-sulfide mineral flotation (phosphate, iron ore)
Amines: Reverse flotation, silica removal
Frothers:
MIBC (methyl isobutyl carbinol): Common frother
Pine oil: Traditional frother
Polyglycol ethers: Synthetic frothers
Modifiers:
Lime (calcium oxide): pH control, pyrite depression
Sodium cyanide: Pyrite depression in copper-gold flotation
Sodium sulfide: Sulfidization of oxide minerals
Copper sulfate: Sphalerite activation
Starch: Talc depression
Sodium silicate: Gangue depression
Depressants:
Sodium cyanide: Pyrite depression (highly toxic)
Zinc sulfate: Sphalerite depression
Sodium sulfite: Sulfide mineral depression
Quebracho: Organic depressant
Flotation Waste Streams:
Expired or off-specification reagents
Spilled flotation chemicals
Equipment cleaning waste
Container rinse water
Laboratory testing chemicals
Cyanide Heap Leaching (gold and silver mining):
Process:
Dilute sodium cyanide solution (200-500 ppm) percolated through crushed ore
Gold and silver dissolve as cyanide complexes
Pregnant solution recovered from heap base
Metals recovered by carbon adsorption or zinc precipitation
Cyanide Waste:
Spent cyanide solution (after metal recovery)
Barren solution recycled but eventually requires disposal
Cyanide-contaminated materials
Spill cleanup waste
Equipment cleaning and maintenance waste
Cyanide Detoxification:
SO2/air oxidation (Inco process)
Hydrogen peroxide oxidation
Alkaline chlorination
Caro's acid treatment
Natural degradation in tailings impoundments
Regulatory Requirements:
Sodium cyanide extremely toxic (fatal dose <200 mg)
RCRA P-listed waste (P030) if pure cyanide compounds
Cyanide cannot be mixed with acids (releases hydrogen cyanide gas - fatal)
Transportation as hazardous material (UN 1689)
Worker safety critical (cyanide antidote kits required)
Acid Leaching (copper oxide, uranium, rare earth ores):
Sulfuric acid leaching:
Copper oxide ores: H2SO4 leaching, SX-EW recovery
Uranium ores: Acid or alkaline leaching
Rare earth elements: Acid digestion
Acid Waste:
Spent sulfuric acid
Neutralization waste (gypsum, metal hydroxides)
Equipment cleaning acids
Tank cleaning residues
Other Mineral Processing Chemicals:
Flocculants and coagulants:
Polyacrylamide flocculants: Thickening and clarification
Ferric sulfate/ferric chloride: Coagulants
Alum (aluminum sulfate): Water treatment
pH modifiers:
Lime (calcium oxide/hydroxide): Raise pH
Sulfuric acid: Lower pH
Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide): pH adjustment
Grinding aids:
Sodium silicate: Grinding efficiency
Glycols: Grinding improvement
Major Mining Chemical Suppliers:
Cytec Industries (now Solvay): Flotation reagents
BASF: Mining chemicals
Clariant: Specialty mining chemicals
Kemira: Flocculants and chemicals
SNF: Flocculants and polymers
Solenis: Water treatment and process chemicals
Nalco (Ecolab): Mining chemicals and water treatment
Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Waste
Acid mine drainage (AMD) is major environmental issue requiring ongoing treatment generating waste.
Acid Mine Drainage Formation:
Sulfide minerals (pyrite - FeS2) exposed to air and water oxidize
Forms sulfuric acid and dissolved metals
Continues indefinitely once started (hundreds of years)
Major issue at coal mines and metal sulfide mines
AMD Treatment Methods:
Active treatment:
Lime/limestone addition: Neutralize acidity, precipitate metals
Sodium hydroxide: pH adjustment
Anoxic limestone drains: Passive treatment
Successive alkalinity producing systems (SAPS)
Treatment Waste Streams:
Metal hydroxide sludge (iron, aluminum, manganese hydroxides)
Gypsum formation from lime and sulfuric acid
Filter press cakes and dewatered sludge
Contaminated filter media
Characterization:
AMD treatment sludge may be hazardous (heavy metals)
Testing required for TCLP metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, etc.)
High-volume waste generation at some sites
Often managed in permitted sludge disposal facilities
Long-Term AMD Treatment:
Abandoned mine sites require perpetual treatment
Bond release contingent on water quality compliance
Treatment plant operation and maintenance
Ongoing waste generation requiring disposal
Water Treatment and Groundwater Remediation Waste
Mining operations implement extensive water management creating waste.
Process Water Treatment:
Clarification and thickening chemicals
Flocculants and coagulants
pH adjustment chemicals
Disinfection chemicals (chlorine, chlorine dioxide)
Drinking Water Treatment:
Remote mining camps operate water treatment plants
Filtration media replacement
Reverse osmosis membrane disposal
Disinfection chemical waste
Groundwater Remediation:
Pump-and-treat systems for contaminated groundwater
Ion exchange resins
Carbon adsorption systems
Chemical precipitation
Generated waste includes treatment residues and contaminated materials
Wastewater Treatment:
Sewage treatment at mine camps
Industrial wastewater treatment
Stormwater treatment
Treatment chemicals and residues
Mine Dewatering and Pit Water Management
Mines often require continuous dewatering to access ore.
Dewatering Systems:
Submersible pumps in pit sumps
Well point systems
Deep wells around pit perimeter
Horizontal drains
Water Treatment Before Discharge:
pH adjustment (acid or alkaline water)
Suspended solids removal
Metals precipitation
Selenium removal (Western U.S. mines)
Treatment chemical waste
Pit Lake Formation:
Open pit mines flood after closure creating pit lakes
Water quality management required
Long-term monitoring
Potential treatment requirements
Laboratory and Analytical Testing Waste
Mine sites operate laboratories for process control and environmental monitoring.
Analytical Laboratories:
Assay laboratories (ore grade determination)
Process control labs (flotation performance)
Environmental labs (water quality, air quality)
Geochemical labs (exploration support)
Laboratory Waste:
Acids (sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, aqua regia for ore digestion)
Organic solvents (sample extraction)
Heavy metal standards and reagents
Quality control materials
Contaminated labware
Expired chemicals
Sample Preparation:
Fire assay for precious metals (lead oxide, borax fluxes)
Acid digestion residues
Sample pulverizing and splitting waste
Field Testing:
Portable XRF (x-ray fluorescence) analyzers
Field water testing kits
Reagents and consumables
Fuel Storage and Distribution Waste
Large mining operations maintain substantial fuel storage and distribution systems.
Fuel Types:
Diesel fuel (primary fuel for mining equipment)
Gasoline (light vehicles, small equipment)
Propane (forklifts, heating)
Jet fuel (at mines with airstrips)
Fuel System Waste:
Tank bottom sludge (water, dirt, microbial growth)
Contaminated fuel requiring disposal
Filter vessel cleaning waste
Line flushing and cleaning waste
Spill cleanup materials
Fuel-soaked soils from leaks
Fuel Storage Tank Issues:
Underground storage tanks (UST) leaks and closures
Aboveground storage tanks (AST) cleaning and maintenance
Spill prevention, control, and countermeasure (SPCC) compliance
Tank inspection and testing waste
Mining Camp and Facility Waste
Remote mining operations often include worker housing, offices, and support facilities.
Maintenance Facilities:
Heavy equipment repair shops
Parts washing solvents
Lubricants and hydraulic fluids
Paint and coatings
Welding waste
Battery maintenance
Vehicle Maintenance:
Light vehicle maintenance (pickup trucks, SUVs, crew carriers)
Oil changes and fluid services
Antifreeze and coolant
Brake fluid
Power Generation:
Diesel generators for remote camps
Used oil and filters
Coolant and antifreeze
Fuel system maintenance
HVAC Systems:
Refrigerants from air conditioning (R-410A, other refrigerants)
Heating system waste
Boiler treatment chemicals
General Facility Waste:
Cleaning chemicals and supplies
Paint and maintenance materials
Universal waste (fluorescent bulbs, batteries, electronics)
Pesticides for grounds maintenance
Exploration and Drilling Waste
Mineral exploration generates waste from drilling and testing.
Drilling Fluids:
Water-based drilling muds
Polymer additives
Bentonite and clay muds
Drilling fluid additives
Drilling Waste:
Spent drilling fluids
Drill cuttings (may contain minerals of concern)
Equipment cleaning waste
Lubricants and greases for drill rigs
Geochemical Sampling:
Soil and rock sampling
Stream sediment sampling
Field chemical testing
Reagents and testing supplies
Reclamation and Closure Waste
Mine reclamation generates waste during closure and post-closure activities.
Equipment Decommissioning:
Processing plant demolition
Equipment removal and disposal
Fluid draining from decommissioned equipment
Contaminated structural materials
Building Demolition:
Hazardous material abatement (asbestos, lead paint)
Chemical removal from laboratories
Fuel tank removal and cleaning
Underground utility removal
Site Remediation:
Contaminated soil removal
Groundwater treatment
Surface water treatment
Waste rock and tailings management
Long-Term Monitoring:
Water quality monitoring equipment
Treatment system maintenance
Sampling and testing waste
Types of Mining Operations We Serve
Coal Mining
Coal remains important energy source and metallurgical feedstock with operations nationwide.
Surface Coal Mining:
Mountaintop Removal (Appalachia):
Large-scale overburden removal exposing coal seams
Massive draglines and shovels
Extensive blasting operations
Major equipment maintenance waste
Contour Mining:
Bench-type mining following coal seam outcrop
Common in hilly terrain
Dozer and loader operations
Area Mining:
Flat-terrain coal extraction
Dragline operations removing overburden
Widespread in Powder River Basin (Wyoming/Montana), Illinois Basin
Strip Mining:
Thin overburden, shallow coal
Shovel and truck operations
Major Coal Mining Regions:
Powder River Basin (Wyoming/Montana): Largest U.S. coal production, low-sulfur sub-bituminous coal
Appalachia (West Virginia, Kentucky, Virginia, Pennsylvania): Bituminous coal, mountaintop removal
Illinois Basin (Illinois, Indiana, Western Kentucky): Bituminous coal, area mining
Western U.S. (Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, North Dakota): Sub-bituminous and lignite
Underground Coal Mining:
Longwall Mining:
Highly mechanized, high-production method
Longwall shearer cutting coal from face
Hydraulic roof supports
Continuous conveying to surface
Significant hydraulic fluid use
Continuous Miner/Room and Pillar:
Continuous mining machines cutting coal
Room and pillar layout
Shuttle cars or conveyors for coal transport
Roof bolting for support
Underground Equipment:
Joy Global/Komatsu continuous miners
Sandvik longwall shearers
Roof bolters and support equipment
Underground haulage (rail, belt conveyors)
Ventilation systems
Coal Mining Companies:
Peabody Energy: Largest U.S. coal producer
Arch Resources: Major coal company
Cloud Peak Energy: Powder River Basin (filed bankruptcy 2019)
Alliance Resource Partners: Appalachian and Illinois Basin coal
Consol Energy: Appalachian coal and gas
Alpha Metallurgical Resources: Metallurgical coal
Warrior Met Coal: Metallurgical coal (Alabama)
Westmoreland Coal (bankruptcy, restructured)
Navajo Transitional Energy Company: Western coal
Coal Preparation Plants:
Crushing and sizing coal
Dense medium separation (magnetite, ferrosilicon)
Froth flotation for fine coal recovery
Dewatering (screens, centrifuges, filters)
Thermal drying
Chemical waste from processing
Metal Mining
Metal mining extracts copper, gold, silver, iron, zinc, lead, molybdenum, and other metals.
Copper Mining:
Copper is largest metal mining sector by value in United States.
Porphyry Copper Deposits (open pit):
Low-grade ore (0.3-1% copper)
Massive scale operations
Truck and shovel mining
Sulfide ore processing by grinding and flotation
Major Copper Mines:
Morenci Mine (Arizona): Freeport-McMoRan, largest U.S. copper mine
Bagdad Mine (Arizona): Freeport-McMoRan
Sierrita Mine (Arizona): Freeport-McMoRan
Bingham Canyon (Utah): Rio Tinto/Kennecott, largest man-made excavation
Robinson Mine (Nevada): KGHM
Ray Mine (Arizona): ASARCO
Mission Mine (Arizona): ASARCO/Americas Mining
Safford Mine (Arizona): Freeport-McMoRan
Miami/Carlota (Arizona): Capstone Mining/THEMAC
Copper Processing:
Grinding to liberate copper minerals
Flotation concentrating copper sulfides
Concentrate contains 20-30% copper
Tailings disposal in impoundments
Flotation reagent waste
Copper Oxide Leaching:
Heap leaching with sulfuric acid
Solvent extraction concentrating copper
Electrowinning producing copper cathode
Sulfuric acid and process chemical waste
Gold Mining:
Open Pit Gold Mining:
Low-grade ore (grams per ton gold)
Large-scale operations
Truck and shovel mining
Major Gold Mines:
Carlin Trend (Nevada): Newmont, Barrick - world's largest gold district
Goldstrike/Cortez (Nevada): Barrick Gold
Gold Quarry/Leeville (Nevada): Newmont
Round Mountain (Nevada): Kinross Gold
Fort Knox (Alaska): Kinross Gold
Haile Gold Mine (South Carolina): OceanaGold
Mesquite Mine (California): Equinox Gold
Gold Processing:
Crushing and grinding ore
Cyanide heap leaching (most common)
Carbon-in-pulp (CIP) or carbon-in-leach (CIL) for higher-grade ores
Gold recovery from carbon
Cyanide management and detoxification
Silver Mining:
Often byproduct of copper, gold, lead-zinc mining
Coeur d'Alene district (Idaho) - historic major silver producer
Nevada silver mines
Iron Ore Mining:
Taconite Mining (Minnesota, Michigan):
Low-grade iron formation (20-30% iron)
Magnetic separation concentrating magnetite
Pelletizing to produce iron ore pellets
Major Iron Mines:
Mesabi Iron Range (Minnesota): Multiple mines, taconite operations
Marquette Iron Range (Michigan): Taconite mining
Cleveland-Cliffs: Major U.S. iron ore producer
Molybdenum Mining:
Often byproduct of copper mining
Henderson Mine (Colorado): Freeport-McMoRan underground molybdenum
Climax Mine (Colorado): Historical molybdenum, restarting
Lead and Zinc Mining:
Missouri Lead Belt: Lead mining district
Red Dog Mine (Alaska): Teck Resources, world-class zinc mine
Historical lead-zinc districts (Coeur d'Alene Idaho, Tri-State district)
Uranium Mining:
Smith Ranch-Highland (Wyoming): Uranium One in-situ recovery
Crow Butte (Nebraska): Cameco in-situ recovery
Historical underground uranium mines (Colorado Plateau, Grants Mineral Belt NM)
In-situ recovery (ISR) leach mining
Rare Earth Elements:
Mountain Pass (California): MP Materials, rare earth mine restarted
Exploration and development projects
Industrial Minerals Mining
Industrial minerals include materials for construction, chemicals, and manufacturing.
Phosphate Mining (Florida, Idaho, North Carolina, Utah):
Florida Phosphate District:
Mosaic Company: Major phosphate producer
The Mosaic Company: Four Corners Mine, South Fort Meade, Ona, others
Strip mining of phosphate matrix
Beneficiation by washing and flotation
Phosphoric acid production
Fertilizer manufacturing
Phosphate Processing:
Matrix mining and washing
Flotation concentrating phosphate
Phosphoric acid production (sulfuric acid reaction)
Fertilizer production (DAP, MAP, other)
Gypsum waste (phosphogypsum stacks)
Process chemical waste
Idaho Phosphate:
J.R. Simplot: Smoky Canyon Mine (recently closed)
Bayer/Nutrien: Underground phosphate mines
Selenium contamination concerns
Trona Mining (Wyoming):
Green River Basin Trona Deposits:
World's largest known trona (sodium sesquicarbonate) deposit
Underground room and pillar mining
Processing to soda ash (sodium carbonate)
Trona Producers:
FMC Corporation: Trona mining and soda ash production
Genesis Alkali (Tata Chemicals): Soda ash
Solvay Chemicals: Trona and soda ash
OCI Chemical: Wyoming soda ash
Potash Mining:
Carlsbad, New Mexico: Intrepid Potash, Mosaic
Potassium chloride for fertilizer
Underground mining and solution mining
Salt Mining:
Rock salt (halite) mining
Solution mining (brine extraction)
Detroit Salt Company (underground)
Cargill, Morton Salt operations
Limestone and Aggregates:
Crushed stone for construction
Cement production (limestone)
Lime production (chemical and steel industries)
Aggregate operations nationwide
Martin Marietta, Vulcan Materials, CRH, others
Gypsum Mining:
Wallboard production
Cement retardant
National Gypsum, USG, Georgia-Pacific
Borates:
Boron, California: Rio Tinto borates
Borax and boric acid production
Lithium:
Silver Peak, Nevada: Albemarle brine lithium
Exploration and development for battery materials
Sand and Gravel / Aggregates
Construction aggregates produced at thousands of sites nationwide.
Sand and Gravel Operations:
River and glacial deposits
Washing and classification
Concrete aggregate, road base, fill material
Industrial Sand:
Frac sand for oil and gas (silica sand)
Glass sand
Foundry sand
Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Texas frac sand
Aggregate Companies:
Vulcan Materials: Largest U.S. aggregates producer
Martin Marietta: Aggregates and cement
CRH (Oldcastle): Aggregates and building materials
Heidelberg Materials (Lehigh Hanson): Aggregates and cement
Summit Materials
Thousands of smaller regional producers
Mining Waste Regulations
EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Regulations
Mining operations must comply with RCRA hazardous waste requirements.
Generator Categories for Mining Operations:
Large Quantity Generators (LQGs): Large mining operations often qualify as LQGs:
Generate ≥1,000 kg per month hazardous waste
Major copper, coal, gold, phosphate mines
90-day accumulation limit
Comprehensive compliance requirements
Small Quantity Generators (SQGs): Medium and smaller mining operations:
Generate 100-1,000 kg per month
180-day or 270-day accumulation (distance-based)
Most remote mines qualify for 270-day extension
Basic training and emergency response requirements
Very Small Quantity Generators (VSQGs): Small operations and exploration projects:
Generate <100 kg per month
Minimal regulatory requirements
Common Mining Waste Codes:
Spent solvents (F-listed):
F001-F005: Degreasing solvents, cleaning solvents from maintenance shops
Characteristic wastes (D-listed):
D001: Ignitability (solvents, fuels, oil-soaked materials)
D002: Corrosivity (acids, bases, battery acid)
D006-D011: Metals in some treatment sludge and contaminated materials
D008: Lead (waste oils, lead-acid batteries)
Exemptions and Exclusions:
Mining Waste Exclusions (Bevill Amendment):
RCRA Section 3001(b)(3)(A) excludes certain mining wastes from Subtitle C (hazardous waste):
Overburden and waste rock
Tailings from mineral processing
Certain mineral processing wastes
These wastes regulated under Subtitle D (solid waste) and state mining regulations
Equipment maintenance waste, chemicals, and support facility waste NOT excluded
Universal Waste:
Batteries, fluorescent lamps, mercury devices, electronic waste
Streamlined regulations for common wastes
Mining operations generate large quantities
MSHA Safety Regulations
Mine Safety and Health Administration regulates mining safety.
MSHA Jurisdiction:
All mining operations (coal, metal, industrial minerals)
Surface and underground operations
Mineral processing facilities
Hazardous Materials Safety:
Storage and handling requirements
Worker training
Emergency response
Coordinate with RCRA hazardous waste requirements
State Mining Regulations
States regulate mining through environmental and mining agencies.
State Mining Permits:
Surface mining permits
Underground mining permits
Reclamation bonding
Water discharge permits
Air quality permits
State Hazardous Waste Programs:
Most states have EPA-authorized RCRA programs
State-specific hazardous waste requirements
Some states more stringent than federal regulations
Water Quality Regulations
Clean Water Act:
NPDES permits for mine water discharge
Stormwater permits
Effluent limitations
Water quality standards compliance
Groundwater Protection:
Underground injection control (UIC) for solution mining
Groundwater monitoring
Corrective action for contamination
Superfund and Legacy Mining
CERCLA (Superfund):
Cleanup of abandoned and contaminated mine sites
Potentially responsible party liability
Remediation and long-term treatment
Abandoned Mine Lands:
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) - coal mines
AML program funding cleanup
Legacy hardrock mining impacts
Ongoing remediation generating waste
Our Mining Industry Waste Services
Comprehensive Waste Management Programs
Complete turnkey waste management for mining operations.
Program Components:
Remote location service capabilities
Waste stream characterization
RCRA compliance assistance
Container provision (drums, rolloffs, specialized containers)
Scheduled pickup service
Emergency response
Training for mine personnel
Regulatory compliance support
Waste minimization consulting
Equipment Maintenance Waste Disposal
Management of mining equipment waste streams.
Hydraulic Fluid Disposal:
Bulk hydraulic fluid pickup
Contaminated hydraulic fluid management
Filter and hose disposal
Spill cleanup
Used Oil Disposal:
Engine oil recycling
Transmission fluid disposal
Gear oil management
Used oil bulk pickup
Antifreeze and Coolant Disposal:
Ethylene glycol coolant
Extended life coolant
Contaminated coolant management
Greases and Lubricants:
Waste grease disposal
Contaminated lubrication materials
Cable lubricant waste
Shop Waste Management:
Parts washer fluid disposal
Degreasing solvent waste
Cleaning chemical waste
Contaminated rags and absorbents
Oil filter disposal
Explosives Residue Disposal
Management of blasting-related waste.
Explosive Waste Services:
Coordination with ATF-approved disposal facilities
Ammonium nitrate contaminated materials
Explosive packaging waste
Contaminated water from blastholes
Equipment cleaning waste
Misfire Management:
Coordination with certified blasters
Safe handling protocols
Disposal at approved facilities
Mineral Processing Chemical Waste
Management of ore processing waste.
Flotation Reagent Waste:
Expired xanthates and collectors
Frother waste disposal
Modifier chemical waste
Cyanide waste management (detoxification and disposal)
Leaching Chemical Waste:
Spent sulfuric acid
Cyanide solution management
Neutralization waste
Process chemical residues
Laboratory Waste:
Acids and bases
Organic solvents
Heavy metal standards
Assay waste
Fuel System Waste Management
Fuel storage and distribution waste.
Fuel Waste Services:
Contaminated diesel fuel disposal
Tank bottom sludge removal
Filter vessel cleaning
Fuel system cleaning waste
Spill cleanup materials
Tank Services:
Underground storage tank (UST) closure cleanup
Aboveground storage tank (AST) cleaning
Tank removal waste management
Water Treatment Waste Disposal
AMD treatment and water management waste.
Treatment Sludge:
Metal hydroxide sludge disposal
Filter press cake management
Clarifier sludge removal
Treatment media disposal
Characterization:
TCLP testing for sludge
Hazardous vs. non-hazardous determination
Cost-effective disposal pathways
Reclamation and Closure Waste
Mine closure and reclamation waste management.
Decommissioning Waste:
Equipment fluid draining
Contaminated materials removal
Building demolition waste
Asbestos abatement
Site Remediation:
Contaminated soil disposal
Groundwater treatment waste
Environmental cleanup materials
Remote Location Services
Specialized service for isolated mining operations.
Logistics:
Service to remote locations
Coordination with mine scheduling
Weather and access considerations
270-day accumulation extension utilization
Consolidation:
Bulk waste consolidation
Minimizing service trips
Cost-effective remote service
Training and Consulting
Expert training for mining personnel.
Training Topics:
Mining hazardous waste identification
RCRA compliance for mining
Equipment maintenance waste management
Explosives waste handling
Spill response
Safety and environmental protection
Consulting Services:
Waste stream assessment
Cost reduction strategies
Regulatory compliance audits
Permit application support
Best management practices
Best Practices for Mining Waste Management
Waste Segregation
Proper segregation reduces costs and ensures compliance.
Segregate by Type:
Oils and hydraulic fluids separate
Antifreeze separate from oils
Solvents and degreasers separate
Contaminated rags and absorbents separate
Batteries as universal waste
Never Mix:
Acids and bases
Incompatible chemicals
Hazardous and non-hazardous (prevents contaminating larger volume)
Benefits:
Reduced disposal costs
Recycling opportunities (oils, metals)
Improved safety
Simplified compliance
Container Management
Proper containers ensure safety and compliance.
Container Selection:
DOT-specification drums for transportation
Appropriate sizes for waste volumes
Compatible materials (no rust, good condition)
Labeling:
"Hazardous Waste" label
Contents description
Accumulation start date
Generator information
Storage:
Closed containers
Secondary containment for liquids
Protected from weather
Accessible for inspections
Away from active mining operations
Accumulation Time Tracking
Critical for remote operations utilizing 270-day extension.
270-Day Extension:
Most remote mines >200 miles from disposal facilities
Qualify for 270-day accumulation period
Must document distance justification
Tracking:
Mark accumulation start date on containers
Centralized tracking system
Schedule pickups before deadlines
Account for weather and access limitations
Spill Prevention and Response
Mining operations require robust spill prevention.
SPCC Plans:
Required for fuel storage >1,320 gallons
Spill prevention, control, and countermeasure planning
Secondary containment
Employee training
Spill Response:
Spill kits at fuel storage and equipment maintenance areas
Trained personnel
Cleanup procedures
Disposal of spill materials
Equipment Maintenance:
Prevent hydraulic and fuel leaks
Regularly inspect hoses and fittings
Proper maintenance reduces waste and spills
Waste Minimization
Reducing waste generation saves money.
Preventive Maintenance:
Reduce fluid changes through proper maintenance
Extend oil change intervals with filtration
Fix leaks promptly
Inventory Management:
Avoid chemical expiration through proper rotation
Order appropriate quantities
First-in, first-out management
Recycling:
Used oil recycling
Antifreeze recycling
Metal scrap recycling
Battery recycling
Mining Waste Disposal Costs
Cost Factors
Waste Type:
Oils and hydraulic fluids (recyclable - lower cost)
Solvents and chemical waste (higher cost)
Treatment sludge (characterization-dependent)
Explosive waste (specialized disposal)
Quantity:
Large mining operations generate substantial volumes
Volume discounts available
Bulk pickup more economical
Location:
Remote mines higher transportation costs
270-day accumulation allows consolidation
Seasonal access considerations
Service Frequency:
Scheduled service more cost-effective
Quarterly or semi-annual service typical for remote operations
Emergency service premium charges
Typical Cost Ranges
Used Oil and Hydraulic Fluids:
$0.50-$3 per gallon (recyclable oils)
May generate revenue in some markets
Large mining operations: $10,000-$100,000+ annually
Antifreeze:
$2-$6 per gallon
Recyclable antifreeze lower cost
Solvents and Degreasers:
$3-$12 per gallon
Halogenated solvents higher cost
Contaminated Absorbents:
$0.50-$3 per pound
Oil-soaked materials
Batteries:
Lead-acid batteries: $5-$20 per battery (recyclable, may generate revenue)
Universal waste streamlined regulations
Laboratory Chemicals:
Lab pack services: $250-$800 per drum
Depends on chemical types
Treatment Sludge:
$0.30-$2 per pound
Depends on hazardous determination
Explosive Waste:
$5-$20 per pound
Specialized disposal requirements
Transportation and handling costs
Emergency Services:
Premium charges for rush service
Remote location surcharges
Large spill cleanup: $2,000-$50,000+
Cost Reduction Strategies
Recycling:
Used oil recycling reducing disposal costs 80%+
Antifreeze recycling
Metal scrap recycling
Waste Segregation:
Prevent mixing hazardous and non-hazardous
Separate recyclable from disposable
Proper segregation saves 30-50%
Service Optimization:
Utilize 270-day extension for remote operations
Consolidate shipments
Scheduled service vs. on-demand
Preventive Maintenance:
Reduce fluid changes
Fix leaks preventing waste generation
Proper equipment care
Common Mining Waste Questions
Q: Do mining waste rock and tailings qualify as hazardous waste?
A: Generally no. The RCRA Bevill Amendment (Section 3001(b)(3)(A)) excludes most mining waste from Subtitle C (hazardous waste) regulation including overburden, waste rock, tailings, and certain mineral processing wastes. These are regulated under Subtitle D (solid waste) and state mining regulations. However, equipment maintenance waste, fuel, chemicals, and support facility waste are NOT excluded and must be managed as hazardous waste if they meet RCRA characteristics or listings.
Q: Can we recycle used hydraulic fluid and oil from mining equipment?
A: Yes. Used oil and hydraulic fluids that haven't been mixed with hazardous waste can be recycled under used oil regulations (40 CFR 279), which are less stringent than hazardous waste rules. Recycling typically costs $0.50-$3 per gallon compared to $5-$12+ per gallon for hazardous waste disposal, generating significant savings. Large mining operations recycling thousands of gallons annually can save $50,000-$200,000+. However, if oils are mixed with solvents, coolants, or other hazardous wastes, they must be managed as hazardous waste.
Q: How long can remote mines store hazardous waste?
A: Most remote mining operations qualify for the 270-day accumulation period available to Small Quantity Generators (SQGs) whose disposal facility is more than 200 miles away. Given that many mines operate in isolated areas far from disposal facilities, this extension is commonly used. Large Quantity Generators (LQGs) have only 90-day accumulation limits regardless of distance, but can request case-by-case extensions from EPA for extraordinary circumstances. The accumulation clock starts when waste is first added to a container.
Q: What should we do with explosive residues and contaminated materials from blasting?
A: Explosive waste requires specialized handling and disposal through ATF (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives) approved facilities. Never attempt to dispose of explosive waste through normal hazardous waste channels. Contact us - we coordinate with ATF-approved explosive disposal facilities. Explosive residues, ammonium nitrate contamination, and blasting-related waste are disposed through controlled detonation, chemical treatment, or other approved methods. Your certified blasters should be involved in managing misfires and significant explosive waste.
Q: How do we manage cyanide waste from gold heap leaching?
A: Cyanide waste is extremely toxic and requires careful management. Spent cyanide solutions should be detoxified using SO2/air oxidation, hydrogen peroxide, alkaline chlorination, or other approved methods before disposal. Detoxification reduces cyanide concentrations to safe levels. CRITICAL: Never mix cyanide waste with acids - this generates hydrogen cyanide gas which is immediately fatal. Cyanide waste containers must be clearly labeled and stored separately from acids. We provide cyanide waste disposal services including coordination with permitted facilities and ensuring proper handling throughout the process.
Q: Are there special requirements for disposing of acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment sludge?
A: AMD treatment sludge must be characterized to determine if it's hazardous waste. Test sludge using TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) for metals including lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, selenium, mercury, silver, and barium. If metal concentrations exceed regulatory limits, sludge is hazardous waste (D-codes) requiring manifesting and disposal at permitted hazardous waste facilities. If below limits, sludge can be managed as non-hazardous industrial waste at lower cost. Many AMD treatment operations generate high volumes of sludge requiring cost-effective management strategies.
Q: Can mining operations use the 270-day accumulation extension?
A: Yes, if you're a Small Quantity Generator (100-1,000 kg/month) and your waste disposal facility is more than 200 miles away. Most remote mining operations easily meet the distance requirement. You must document the distance from your mine to the disposal facility. This extension allows mines to consolidate waste shipments reducing transportation costs. However, you must still mark accumulation start dates on containers and ensure waste is shipped before the 270-day deadline.
Q: What documentation do we need for mining hazardous waste disposal?
A: Required documentation includes:
Manifests: Signed copies for all hazardous waste shipments (retain 3+ years)
Training records: Employee hazardous waste training documentation
Inspection logs: Weekly inspections of storage areas
Waste characterization: Process knowledge or testing supporting waste classifications
Accumulation records: Container start dates and tracking
Exception reports: For manifest discrepancies
Biennial reports: For Large Quantity Generators
Certificates of disposal: Proof of proper final disposition
Maintain organized records readily accessible for EPA, state, or MSHA inspections.
Q: How should we handle equipment decommissioning waste during mine closure?
A: Equipment decommissioning generates substantial hazardous waste. Drain all fluids (hydraulic fluid, engine oil, coolant, fuel) from equipment before scrapping or selling. Manage drained fluids as hazardous waste or used oil for recycling. Remove and properly dispose of batteries. Coordinate timing with reclamation schedules. Large mine closures may generate thousands of gallons of fluids requiring bulk disposal services. Plan ahead - decommissioning waste counts toward your generator category and must be manifested within accumulation time limits.
Q: What are the penalties for violations at mining operations?
A: EPA can assess civil penalties up to $71,433 per day per violation under RCRA. State environmental agencies also have penalty authority. Violations can include:
Exceeding accumulation time limits
Improper storage (no secondary containment, unlabeled containers)
Lack of training or documentation
Improper disposal
Missing manifests or records
MSHA coordinates with EPA on hazardous materials violations. Criminal penalties apply for knowing violations. Maintaining compliance protects your operation from costly penalties and potential criminal liability.
Q: Can we dispose of waste explosives through normal channels?
A: No. Waste explosives, ammonium nitrate, emulsion residues, and blasting materials require disposal through ATF-approved explosive disposal facilities. Never send explosive waste with regular hazardous waste - this creates extreme safety hazards. Contact us - we work with approved explosive disposal companies coordinating safe, legal disposal through controlled detonation or chemical treatment. Your explosive materials licenses and certifications must be maintained for all explosive waste transactions.
Q: What's the best way to reduce mining hazardous waste disposal costs?
A: Most effective strategies:
Recycle used oil and hydraulic fluids - saves 70-90% vs. hazardous waste disposal
Proper waste segregation - don't contaminate recyclable oils with solvents or hazardous materials
Preventive maintenance - reduce fluid change frequency, fix leaks
Use 270-day extension - consolidate shipments for remote operations
Annual service contracts - volume commitments receive better pricing
Staff training - prevent mixing and contamination
Inventory management - prevent chemical expiration
Large mines implementing comprehensive waste management programs can reduce costs 40-60% while improving compliance.
Getting Started with Mining Waste Services
What to Have Ready
When contacting us for mining waste disposal:
Operation Information:
Mine type (coal, copper, gold, phosphate, etc.)
Surface or underground operation
Production rate and size
Location (important for remote operations)
Generator category (if known)
Waste Types and Quantities:
Equipment maintenance waste (oils, hydraulic fluids, coolant, antifreeze)
Shop waste (solvents, degreasers, contaminated materials)
Fuel system waste
Laboratory chemicals
Treatment sludge
Other mining-specific waste
Estimated monthly or annual quantities
Current Situation:
Existing disposal arrangements
Current challenges
Compliance concerns
Remote access considerations
Service frequency preferences
Special Needs:
Emergency response capabilities
Training requirements
Compliance assistance
Cost reduction goals
Our Process
1. Initial Consultation: Free consultation discussing your mine's needs, waste types, location, and requirements.
2. Site Assessment: For larger operations, on-site assessment evaluating:
Waste generation points and volumes
Current storage and handling
Generator category determination
Remote access logistics
Compliance status
Waste minimization opportunities
3. Customized Proposal: Detailed proposal including:
Service description
Container recommendations
Pickup frequency
Pricing (transparent, itemized)
Remote location logistics
Implementation plan
4. Program Implementation:
Container delivery
Personnel training
Procedure documentation
Initial service scheduling
5. Ongoing Service:
Scheduled pickups per agreed frequency
Remote location coordination
Weather and access flexibility
Manifesting and documentation
Compliance support
6. Continuous Improvement:
Periodic program reviews
Waste minimization recommendations
Cost optimization
Regulatory updates
Why Mining Operations Choose Us
Mining Industry Expertise: Decades serving coal mines, metal mines, industrial mineral operations, and aggregate producers. We understand mining operations, equipment, processes, and challenges.
Remote Location Capabilities: Experienced serving isolated mines nationwide. We coordinate logistics for remote access, weather delays, and seasonal considerations. 270-day accumulation expertise maximizes efficiency.
Technical Knowledge: Understanding of mining equipment maintenance, mineral processing, explosives, AMD treatment, and specialized mining waste streams.
Regulatory Compliance: Comprehensive knowledge of RCRA, MSHA coordination, state mining regulations, and Bevill Amendment exemptions. We help navigate complex regulatory environment.
Cost-Effective Solutions: Used oil recycling programs, waste segregation optimization, service schedule optimization, and volume pricing reducing costs for large mining operations.
Responsive Service: Understanding of mining production schedules, maintenance shutdowns, and operational constraints. 24/7 emergency response for spills and urgent situations.
Safety Focus: Mining safety culture alignment. Understanding of MSHA requirements. Safe handling of all mining waste including explosives residues and toxic materials.
Environmental Stewardship: Support for mine environmental management, reclamation programs, and long-term post-closure commitments.
Mining Waste Disposal by State
We provide mining industry hazardous waste disposal services throughout all 50 states. Click your state for specific information on state regulations, major mining operations we serve, and local service details:
Northeast
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
West
Contact Us for Mining Industry Waste Disposal
Call (800) 582-4833 or email info@hazardouswastedisposal.com
We're ready to help with:
Free consultations and quotes
Mining waste assessments
Remote location service
Regulatory compliance guidance
Equipment maintenance waste disposal
Explosives residue coordination
Mineral processing chemical waste
AMD treatment sludge disposal
Emergency spill response
Training and staff education
All your mining industry waste needs
Serving mining operations nationwide, since 1992
Operating across all 50 states with expertise in coal mining, metal mining, industrial minerals, aggregates, and all mining operations generating hazardous waste.
Let us handle your mining waste management so you can focus on safe, productive mineral extraction. Contact us today for expert, compliant, cost-effective mining industry waste disposal services.
